Aircraft Taxiing and How It Is Safely Done
The controlled movement of aircraft on the ground, known as taxiing, is more complex than it might appear, demanding precise communication and strict adherence to protocols. This involves not only the pilot and Air Traffic Control (ATC), but also trained ground personnel who guide aircraft using standardized visual signals. Despite advancements in onboard systems, pilots still rely heavily on external crew to avoid collisions and reach their intended locations, especially in congested or visually restricted areas. In this blog, we will discuss everything you need to know about the personnel and procedures that help taxiing go smoothly.
Why Is Safe Taxiing So Important?
A large percentage of ground accidents occur due to improper taxiing procedures, resulting from:
- Obstructed or limited visibility from the cockpit, particularly near the wings or landing gear
- No rear-view visibility for pilots
- Congested runways or taxiways
- Misinterpretation of ground crew signals
- Poor weather or low-light conditions
To mitigate these risks, aviation authorities and airports put great emphasis on taxiing procedures, equipping ground personnel with both technical knowledge and visual signaling tools.
The Marshal’s Role
A marshal, or marshaller, is a certified ground operations specialist trained to guide aircraft through the use of positioning, hand signals, and sometimes tools.
Position
The usual position for a marshal is slightly ahead of and aligned with the left wingtip, standing at a safe distance while still closely within the pilot’s line of sight.
Taxiing Signals
Taxiing signals are standardized and documented by aviation authorities like the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in their Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). For fixed-wing aircraft, these include, but are not limited to:
- Slow Down: The marshal extends both arms downward, palms facing the ground, and moves their hands up and down in a slow, repetitive manner.
- Left Turn: The left arm is extended horizontally to the side, with the right hand pointing in the same direction.
- Right Turn: Similar to the left direction, the marshaller extends their right arm with the left hand pointing to the right.
- Stop: One or both arms are raised vertically above the head, palms facing forward and held steady.
- Cut engines: Both forearms are crossed in a horizontal “X” in front of the marshal’s torso.
- Proceed Straight Ahead: The marshaller’s arms are extended forward, palms down, sweeping forward.
- All Clear (OK): This signal has the marshaller’s arms raised overhead and hands forming an “O” or circling motion.
- Start Engine(s): With their right arm raised above their head, the marshaller makes a circular motion with that hand while the other arm points to the engine that is to be started.
As accurate signaling is absolutely imperative, these personnel must avoid making unnecessary movements and be completely consistent in their intended actions. Moreover, during night operations or in low-visibility conditions, marshallers use illuminated batons or wand lights, along with high-visibility gear, to guarantee that both them and their gestures remain visible to pilots.
Pilot Responsibilities
Although the ground crew is responsible for presenting clear directions, pilots are ultimately in charge of safely maneuvering. They have to be sure to:
- Maintain visual contact with the marshaller or tug operator
- Follow and understand all authorized hand signals and ATC instructions
- Confirm the area is clear before starting engines or releasing brakes
- Uphold situational awareness to monitor other aircraft, ground vehicles, and personnel
- Communicate with ATC when required
Taxiing Step-by-Step
1. Pre-Taxi Briefing
At controlled airports, the pilot obtains clearance from ATC before engine start or any movement. Simultaneously, ground personnel may coordinate with the flight crew to confirm routing, clearance areas, and safety checks.
2. Signal and Safety Check
The marshal ensures the area around the aircraft is clear of obstructions, equipment, and personnel. Then, the pilot and marshaller visually confirm mutual recognition.
3. Engine Start Clearance
Marshallers will give a standardized signal to indicate engine start at many commercial airports, but at smaller airports or in general aviation, pilots may start engines independently following ATC clearance and standard checks.
4. Initiating Taxi Movement
Once clearance is received and all parties are ready, the aircraft begins taxiing under pilot control. On congested ramps, the marshaller may provide continuous directional guidance, especially where visual cues or centerlines are not available.
5. Directional and Speed Adjustments
Adjustments to speed and direction are made either in response to ATC instructions at controlled airports or via hand signals from the marshaller. For example, a “slow down” or “stop” signal may be used when proximity to people, equipment, or tight turns requires increased precision.
6. Final Positioning and Stop
Upon reaching the runway hold point or final parking stand, the aircraft is brought to a stop. This direction is given either by the marshal signaling or ATC providing explicit instructions.
Find Trustworthy Ground Support Equipment on ASAP Distribution
In summary, aircraft taxiing goes far beyond just moving an aircraft from point A to point B, demanding dedicated coordination and training between pilots, marshals, and ATC. To support these procedures, ground crews must rely on illuminated marshal batons, reflective safety apparel, and other such equipment that meets set industry standards, requiring a trusted procurement partner. ASAP Distribution, a platform operated by ASAP Semiconductor, stands as a go-to resource for aviation professionals in these endeavors and more.
Presenting everything from ground support equipment to complex aircraft components, our extensive ready-to-purchase inventory is only from manufacturers and suppliers that we trust to contribute top-notch items. Aside from our steadfast commitment to quality, we also aim to benefit customers with competitive, timely, and curated fulfillment solutions. To learn more about our parts and services, check out our website and connect with our experts at your convenience.
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